This investigation compared muscle activities and heart rate (HR) responses while subjects
walked backward or forward in water, with and without a water current. Ten healthy males …

The primary purpose of this study was to examine whether walking backward in water and
walking backward on dry land elicit different electromyographic (EMG) activities in lower …

Exercise in an aquatic environment may be an effective mode of therapy and training due to
reduced impact forces. The purpose of this study was to compare the physiological …

Although deep-water running (DWR) is often used to obtain the benefits of aerobic fitness
and to reduce vertical component stress, its attendant muscle stress remains unclear. The …

This study aimed to examine whether walking in water produces age-related differences in
muscle activity, stride frequency (SF), and heart rate (HR) response. Surface …

Underwater (UW) running provides a low load-bearing form of supplementary training that
can be used for recovery and rehabilitation while maintaining cardiovascular fitness …

This study was designed to describe and clarify muscle activities which occur while walking
in water. Surface electromyography (EMG) was used to evaluate muscle activities in six …

Non-motorised underwater treadmills are commonly used in fitness activities. However, no
studies have examined physiological and biomechanical responses of walking on non …

We compared physiological and perceptual responses, and stride characteristics while
walking backward in water with those of walking forward in water. Eight males walked on an …

The purpose of this study was to determine kinematical characteristics of underwater
locomotion and to compare them with those of land locomotion. Six male subjects performed …