Hundreds of experimental studies (primarily undertaken in the laboratory) have quantified
the effects of predation risk on prey behavior, usually by contrasting prey behavior in the …

The rapid response of animals to changes in predation risk has allowed behavioral
ecologists to learn much about antipredator decision making. A largely unappreciated …

Temporal variation in predation risk may fundamentally influence antipredator responses of
prey animals. To maximize lifetime fitness, prey must be able to optimize energy gain and …

There is strong evidence that the way prey respond to predation risk can be fundamentally
important to the structuring and functioning of natural ecosystems. The majority of work on …

The very presence of predators can strongly influence flexible prey traits such as behavior,
morphology, life history, and physiology. In a rapidly growing body of literature representing …

The risk allocation hypothesis predicts that prey responses to predation risk should depend
on the temporal pattern of risk. In systems where activity is dangerous, predicted activity …

There is a large and growing interest in non‐consumptive effects (NCEs) of predators.
Diverse and extensive evidence shows that predation risk directly influences prey traits …

Predation is one of the most important selection pressures acting on prey behaviour. While
numerous studies have shown that when predation risk is high, prey tend to increase …

Most species adjust their behavior to reduce the likelihood of predation. Many experiments
have shown that antipredator responses carry energetic costs that can affect growth …

Both short-term and long-term variation in predation risk can affect the behaviour of prey,
thus affecting growth, reproduction, survival and population dynamics. Inferences about the …