Diagnosis and management of the neuroinflammatory diseases of the central nervous
system (CNS) are hindered by the lack of reliable biomarkers of active intrathecal …

Multiple sclerosis (MS)-related inflammation can be divided into lesional activity, mediated
by immune cells migrating from the periphery to the central nervous system (CNS) and non …

Objective The management of complex patients with neuroimmunological diseases is
hindered by an inability to reliably measure intrathecal inflammation. Currently implemented …

Background Interleukin (IL)-6 is recognised as an important cytokine involved in
inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). Objective To perform a large …

Specific proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory molecules could represent useful
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers to predict the clinical course of multiple sclerosis (MS) …

Background: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis in patients with particular neurologic
disorders is a powerful tool to evaluate specific central nervous system inflammatory …

Background Cytokines play multiple roles during neuro-inflammatory processes and several
cytokines have been studied in the context of specific diseases. This study provides a …

Effective biomarkers for multiple sclerosis diagnosis, assessment of prognosis, and
treatment responses, in particular those measurable in blood, are largely lacking. We have …

In this cross-sectional study, we wanted to identify key cytokines characteristic of different
stages of multiple sclerosis (MS). To this end, cerebrospinal fluid from patients with MS was …

Background and Objectives To evaluate the extent of intrathecal inflammation in patients
with primary progressive MS (PPMS) at the time of diagnosis and to define markers and a …