Cellular stress, induced by external or internal cues, activates several well-orchestrated
processes aimed at either restoring cellular homeostasis or committing to cell death. Those …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an essential organelle of eukaryotic cells. Its main
functions include protein synthesis, proper protein folding, protein modification, and the …

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress activates an adaptive unfolded protein response (UPR)
that facilitates cellular repair, however, under prolonged ER stress, the UPR can ultimately …

Increasing evidence indicates that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress activates the adaptive
unfolded protein response (UPR), but that beyond a certain degree of ER damage, this …

Oxidative stress is caused by an imbalance in cellular redox state due to the accumulation of
reactive oxygen species (ROS). While homeostatic levels of ROS are important for cell …

Cells activate protective mechanisms to overcome stressful conditions that threaten cellular
homeostasis, including imbalances in calcium, redox, and nutrient levels. Endoplasmic …

Significance: The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a specialized organelle for the folding and
trafficking of proteins, which is highly sensitive to changes in intracellular homeostasis and …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria form physical interactions involved in the
regulation of biologic functions including mitochondrial bioenergetics and apoptotic …

In homeostasis, cellular processes are in a dynamic equilibrium. Perturbation of
homeostasis causes stress. In this review I summarize how perturbation of three major …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a dynamic intracellular organelle with multiple functions
essential for cellular homeostasis, development, and stress responsiveness. In response to …