Background Cytokines play multiple roles during neuro-inflammatory processes and several
cytokines have been studied in the context of specific diseases. This study provides a …

Background The chemokines and cytokines CXCL13, CXCL12, CCL19, CCL21, BAFF and
APRIL are believed to play a role in the recruitment of B cells to the central nervous system …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune neurodegenerative disease characterized by
chronic brain inflammation. Leukocyte infiltration of brain tissue causes inflammation …

Background Despite the discovery of CSF and serum diagnostic autoantibodies in
autoimmune encephalitis, there are still very limited CSF biomarkers for diagnostic and …

Background Neuroinflammatory processes have been hypothesized to play a role in the
pathogenesis of psychiatric and neurological diseases. Studies on this topic often rely on …

The present study aimed at profiling inflammatory cytokines for neurological and psychiatric
diseases. A total of 86 patients with meningitis, multiple sclerosis, tension-type headache …

Neuroinflammation was once a clearly defined term denoting pathological immune
processes within the central nervous system (CNS). Historically, this term was used to …

Diagnosis and management of the neuroinflammatory diseases of the central nervous
system (CNS) are hindered by the lack of reliable biomarkers of active intrathecal …

Abstract Interleukin (IL) 1β, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα, and IL-6 are cytokines which
mediate cellular responses during immune activation and inflammation. In multiple sclerosis …

Despite improved understanding of the pathogenesis of neuroinflammatory disorders of the
brain and development of new diagnostic markers, our biomarker repertoire to demonstrate …