Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) contains a tightly regulated immune system. However, knowledge
is lacking about how CSF immunity is altered with aging or neurodegenerative disease …

Background Surgery launches an inflammatory reaction in the body, as seen through
increased peripheral levels of cytokines and cortisol. However, less is known about …

The inflammatory reaction accompany all acute processes in the central nervous system
(CNS),(as stroke or traumatic brain injury) and chronic neurodegenerative processes (as …

Cytokines provide cells with the ability to communicate with one another and orchestrate
complex multicellular behaviour. There is an emerging understanding of the role that …

Background Genetic and environmental factors are critical elements influencing the etiology
of major depression. It is now accepted that neuroinflammatory processes play a major role …

Neurosarcoidosis (NS) represents an important differential diagnosis of multiple sclerosis
(MS). However, thus far no reliable laboratory marker of neurosarcoidosis exists. The …

In response to tissue injury or infection, the peripheral tissue macrophage induces an
inflammatory response through the release of IL-1β (interleukin-1β) and TNFα (tumour …

Background Absence of clinical and radiological activity in relapsing–remitting multiple
sclerosis (RRMS) is perceived as disease remission. We explored the role of persisting …

Immune cells infiltrate the CNS in many neurological diseases with a primary or secondary
inflammatory component. In the CNS, immune cells employ shared mediators to promote …

It is increasingly clear that systemic inflammation has both adaptive and deleterious effects
on the brain. However, detailed comparisons of brain effects of systemic challenges with …