Evaluation of potential human health hazards from exposure to chemical mixtures in the
environment presents one of the most difficult challenges for risk assessment as well as for …

The most commonly used chemical mixtures risk assessment methods involve simple
notions of additivity and toxicological similarity. Newer methods are emerging in response to …

The prospect of assessing human health risks from exposure to chemical mixtures looms as
a nightmare for many scientists, especially toxicologists charged with com-ing up with the …

A major objective of combination toxicology is to establish whether a mixture of chemicals
will result in an effect similar to that expected on the basis of additivity. This requires …

Some of the most challenging problems that toxicologists confront are determining how
biological effects of components in a complex mixture may interact, determining how these …

An analysis of current mixture theory, policy, and practice was conducted by examining
standard reference texts, regulatory guidance documents, and journal articles. Although this …

This paper reviews major activities outside the United States on human health issues related
to chemical mixtures. In Europe an international study group on combination effects has …

Abstract The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) has a rich history
in evaluating the toxicity of mixtures. The types of mixtures assessed by the Division of the …

The assessment of chemical mixtures is a complex topic for toxicologists, regulators, and the
public. In this article the linkage between the science of toxicology and the needs of …

Recent developments in hazard identification and risk assessment of chemical mixtures are
reviewed. Empirical, descriptive approaches to study and characterize the toxicity of …