Aim Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk is lower in pre‐menopausal females vs age matched
males. After menopause risk equals or exceeds that of males. CVD protection of pre …

There is a sharp rise in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and progression with the onset of
menopause. The 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD) model of menopause recapitulates …

Hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) has recently been shown to increase the risk of
cardiovascular events in women. However, it is not clear whether the adverse effect of HRT …

Estrogens have well-recognized and complex cardiovascular effects, including altering
myocardial contractility through changes in myofilament function. The presence of multiple …

After menopause, hypertension elevates the risk of cardiac diseases, one of the major
causes of women's morbidity. The gradual depletion of ovarian follicles in rats, induced by 4 …

We have previously demonstrated the cardioprotective effects of ovarian hormones against
adverse ventricular remodeling imposed by chronic volume overload. Here, we assess the …

Objective: Estrogen deficiency is associated with left ventricular (LV) dysfunction in
postmenopausal women and ovariectomized rats. Whether the relationship between …

The effects of estrogen on vascular function have been studied extensively; however, much
less is known regarding the effect of estrogen on myocardial function and cardiomyocyte …

The risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) increases in post-menopausal women, yet, the
role of exercise, as a preventative measure for CVD risk in post-menopausal women has not …

Observational studies have consistently shown a markedly decreased risk of cardiovascular
disease in postmenopausal women when treated with oestrogens. This review discusses …