Women with functional ovaries have a lower cardiovascular risk than men and
postmenopausal women. However, oestrogen replacement therapy remains controversial …

In the first four decades of life, women are protected from cardiovascular disease (CVD)
compared with men, perhaps making women the stronger sex. Over the next five to ten …

The effects of estrogens and progestogens on reproductive tissues and menopausal
symptoms are unambiguous. There is considerable controversy regarding effects on other …

Background Left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction often precedes heart failure with
preserved ejection fraction, the dominant form of heart failure in postmenopausal women …

This study was designed to investigate whether treatment with an estrogen receptor-beta
(ER-β)-selective agonist (2, 3-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionitrile, DPN) can provide …

Objectives Prognosis of heart failure remains poor despite therapeutic advances, such as
angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition or β-receptor blockade. Thus, more effective forms …

Before menopause, a woman has a relatively low risk for developing cardiovascular
disease. After menopause, however, the risk increases nearly twofold and cardiovascular …

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are a cardioprotective class of proteins induced by stress and
regulated by the transcription factor, heat shock factor (HSF)-1. 17β-estradiol (E2) indirectly …

Estrogen has a plethora of effects in the cardiovascular system. Studies of estrogen and the
heart span human clinical trials and basic cell and molecular investigations. Greater …

Premenopausal women are much less prone to develop cardiovascular disease than men of
similar age, but this advantage no longer applies after menopause. We previously found that …