Yu et al.[1] reported that the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor OX40 (CD134)-TNF
receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) axis mediates Lys63-linked ubiquitination and …

Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), including anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein
4 (CTLA-4), benefits only a limited number of patients with cancer. Understanding the in …

Immunotherapy represented by programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed death
ligand 1 (PD-L1) monoclonal antibodies has led tumor treatment into a new era. However …

Background Immunotherapy represented by the programmed death-1 (PD-1)/ligand 1 (PD-
L1) monoclonal antibodies has led tumor treatment into a new era. However, the low overall …

It is assumed that anti-CTLA-4 antibodies cause tumor rejection by blocking negative
signaling from B7-CTLA-4 interactions. Surprisingly, at concentrations considerably higher …

Immune checkpoint inhibitors such as anti–CTLA-4 antibody are widely accepted
therapeutic options for many cancers, but there is still a considerable gap in achieving their …

A major paradigm in cancer immunotherapy is the use of checkpoint inhibitors to break
regulatory mechanisms that usually guard the host against autoimmune diseases. CTLA-4 …

Simple Summary In the fight against cancer, immunotherapies have given great hope after
encouraging results in clinical investigations showing complete remission in some patients …

Tumors escape immune attacks via various mechanisms, among which activation of
regulatory pathways in effector immune cells and recruitment of immunosuppressive cells …

It remains unclear why the clinically used anti-CTLA-4 antibodies, popularly called
checkpoint inhibitors, have severe immunotherapy-related adverse effects (irAEs) and yet …