Hard tissue repair and regeneration cost hundreds of billions of dollars annually worldwide,
and the need has substantially increased as the population has aged. Hard tissues include …

Reconstruction of complex craniomaxillofacial (CMF) defects is challenging due to the highly
organized layering of multiple tissue types. Such compartmentalization necessitates the …

The objective of regenerative medicine is to provide cells with a local environment of
artificial extracellular matrix where they can proliferate and differentiate efficiently and …

Anatomical complications of the craniofacial regions often present considerable challenges
to the surgical repair or replacement of the damaged tissues. Surgical repair has its own set …

Millions of patients worldwide have benefited from technological innovation from
biomaterials. Yet, while life expectancy continues to increase, organ failure and traumatic …

Tissue engineering is a novel and exciting field that aims to re‐create functional, healthy
tissues and organs in order to replace diseased, dying, or dead tissues. The field has …

Craniofacial bones, separate from the appendicular skeleton, bear a significant amount of
strain and stress generated from mastication-related muscles. Current research on the …

The treatment of craniofacial defects can present many challenges due to the variety of
tissue-specific requirements and the complexity of anatomical structures in that region. 3D …

Maxillofacial defects are complex lesions stemming from various etiologies: accidental,
congenital, pathological, or surgical. A bone graft may be required when the normal …

Most approaches currently pursued or contemplated within the framework of reparative
medicine, including cell‐based therapies, artificial organs, and engineered living tissues …