The constant struggle between plants and microbes has driven the evolution of multiple
defense strategies in the host as well as offense strategies in the pathogen. To defend …

Plants are constantly threatened by potential pathogens. In order to optimize the output of
defense against pathogens with distinct lifestyles, plants depend on hormonal networks to …

Plants and pathogens have continuously confronted each other during evolution in a battle
for growth and survival. New advances in the field have provided fascinating insights into the …

Plant hormones have pivotal roles in the regulation of plant growth, development, and
reproduction. Additionally, they emerged as cellular signal molecules with key functions in …

Phytopathogenic bacteria, fungi, and oomycetes invade and colonize their host plants
through distinct routes. These pathogens secrete diverse groups of effector proteins that aid …

Plants are under relentless challenge by pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and oomycetes, for
whom they provide a resource of living space and nutrients. Upon detection of pathogens …

Phytohormones regulate a large variety of physiological processes in plants. In addition,
salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and ethylene (ET) are responsible for primary …

Studies with model plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana have revealed that phytohormones
are central regulators of plant defense. The intricate network of phytohormone signaling …

Fungi have adapted to diverse habitats and ecological niches, including the complex plant
systems. Success of the pathogenic or symbiotic fungi in colonizing the plant tissue depends …

In response to biotic stress, crosstalk between plant hormonal signaling pathways prioritizes
defense over other cellular functions. Some plant pathogens take advantage of this …