(HE). 1 Despite considerable work by many research groups, however, the mechanism (s) of
ammonia neurotoxicity remains largely unknown. Current views on its pathogenesis include …

The pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) remains elusive. While it is clear that
ammonia is the likely toxin and that astrocytes are the main target of its neurotoxicity …

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a serious complication of liver failure. HE manifests as a
series of neuropsychiatric and neuromuscular symptoms including personality changes …

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neuropsychiatric complication of acute or chronic liver
failure. Currently, HE in cirrhotic patients is seen as a clinical manifestation of a low grade …

Increased ammonia accumulation in the brain due to liver dysfunction is a major contributor
to the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy (HE). Fatal outcome of rapidly progressing …

Mechanisms involved in hepatic encephalopathy (HE) still remain poorly understood. It is
generally accepted that ammonia plays a major role in this disorder, and that astrocytes …

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a major neurological complication in patients with severe
liver failure. Elevated levels of ammonia have been strongly implicated as a factor in HE …

Ammonia is diffused and transported across all plasma membranes. This entails that
hyperammonemia leads to an increase in ammonia in all organs and tissues. It is known that …

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE), the neuropsychi-atric manifestation of liver disease,
incorporates a spectrum of manifestations ranging from minimal derangements in …

Background & Aims In cirrhosis, astrocytic swelling is believed to be the principal
mechanism of ammonia neurotoxicity leading to hepatic encephalopathy (HE). The role of …