In the last years, new evidences of the relationship between immune system and bone have
been accumulated both in animal models and in humans affected by bone disease, such as …

Achieving satisfactory reconstruction of bone remains an important goal in orthopedic and
dental conditions such as bone trauma, osteoporosis, arthritis, osteonecrosis, and …

Bone homeostasis, which involves formation and resorption, is an important process for
maintaining adequate bone mass in humans. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune …

Osteoimmunological interactions are central to maintaining bone homeostasis and are key
mechanisms in bone pathology. Macrophages are highly adaptable cells with pleiotropic …

Bone homeostasis is maintained by a balance between bone resorption by osteoclasts and
bone formation by osteoblasts. Osteoblasts not only play a central role in bone formation by …

Bone is a dynamic tissue that provides mechanical support, physical protection, and enables
movement. Bone also serves as a storage site for minerals and is where blood cells are …

Bone healing involves complex biological pathways and interactions among various cell
types and microenvironments. Among them, the monocyte–macrophage–osteoclast lineage …

Chronic inflammation in aging is characterized by increased inflammatory cytokines, bone
loss, decreased adaptation, and defective tissue repair in response to injury. Aging leads to …

Complex interactions among cells of the monocyte-macrophage-osteoclast lineage and the
mesenchymal stem cell-osteoblast lineage play a major role in the pathophysiology of bone …

In vertebrates, bone is considered an osteoimmune system which encompasses functions of
a locomotive organ, a mineral reservoir, a hormonal organ, a stem cell pool and a cradle for …