As is the case with any metaphor, parental effects mean different things to different biologists—
from developmental induction of novel phenotypic variation to an evolved adaptation, and …

Phenotypic differences among individuals can arise during any stage of life. Although
several distinct processes underlying individual differences have been defined and studied …

One of the outstanding challenges for evolutionary biologists is to understand how
developmental plasticity can influence the evolutionary process. Developmental plasticity …

In this essay I consider how biologists understand 'causation'and 'evolutionary process',
drawing attention to some idiosyncrasies in the use of these terms. I suggest that research …

A recurrent theme in evolutionary biology is to contrast natural selection and developmental
constraint–two forces pitted against each other as competing explanations for organismal …

We discuss the mechanistic (" proximate") and selective (" ultimate") factors that cause life
history trade-offs such as the trade-off between offspring quality and quantity and that …

Summary 1 Genetic and environmental maternal effects can play an important role in the
evolutionary dynamics of a population: they may have a substantial impact on the rate and …

The consequences of early developmental conditions for performance in later life are now
subjected to convergent interest from many different biological sub-disciplines. However …

The Flexible Phenotype attempts a true synthesis of physiology, behaviour, and ecology by
developing an empirical argument that describes the intimate connections between …

The idea that behaviour has played an important role in evolution has had its ups and
downs over the past two centuries. Now it appears to be up once again. Lamarck can claim …