Cancer stem cells have been shown to be important in tumorigenesis processes, such as
tumor growth, metastasis, and recurrence. As such, many three-dimensional models have …

Cancer models strive to recapitulate the incredible diversity inherent in human tumors. A key
challenge in accurate tumor modeling lies in capturing the panoply of homo-and heterotypic …

Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, is an essential process for tumour
progression and is an area of significant therapeutic interest. Different in vitro systems and …

Multicellular 3D culture and interaction with stromal components are considered essential
elements in establishing a 'more clinically relevant'tumor model. Matrix-embedded 3D …

Cancers are complex and heterogeneous pathological “organs” in a dynamic interplay with
their host. Models of human cancer in vitro, used in cancer biology and drug discovery, are …

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is the environment around the tumor, including blood
vessels, immune cells, fibroblasts, signaling molecules, and the extracellular matrix (ECM) …

Tumor vasculature creates a hostile tumor microenvironment (TME) in vivo and nourishes
cancers, resulting in cancer progression and drug resistance. To mimic the biochemical and …

The extracellular matrix interacts with cancer cells and is a key factor in the development of
cancer. Traditional two-dimensional models cannot mimic the natural in situ environment of …

The “Tumor microenvironment”(TME) is a complex, interacting system of the tumor and its
surrounding environment. The TME has drawn more attention recently in attempts to …

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most lethal primary brain tumor characterized by high
cellular and molecular heterogeneity, hypervascularization, and innate drug resistance …