Carbon dioxide levels in many estuaries fluctuate and, in several cases, reach extremes
much higher than those predicted for oceans by the end of the century. Moreover, estuaries …

Organisms that encounter stressful situations in nature often cope using behavioral (eg,
avoidance) or physiological tactics. In sessile mollusks, the only available behavioral option …

The recovery of populations and their ability to recolonise a disturbed habitat is mainly
dependent on their reproductive biology (eg, fecundity, frequency of reproduction, and time …

Early life history stages of marine organisms are generally thought to be more sensitive to
environmental stress than adults. Although most marine invertebrates are broadcast …

The oyster Ostrea chilensis develops in estuaries and incubates its embryos inside the
pallial cavity. Reduced external salinity triggers valve closure and isolation of the brood …

This chapter discusses general patterns of brooding in decapod crustaceans from aquatic to
terrestrial environments, addressing behavioral adaptations as well as costs and benefits …

The primitive pulmonate snail Amphibola crenata embeds embryos within a smooth mud
collar on exposed estuarine mudflats in New Zealand. Development through hatching of free …

Brooding in invertebrates serves to protect embryos from stressful external conditions by
retaining progeny inside the female body, effectively reducing the risk of pelagic stages …

In this work, an inadvertent discovery revealed that the prolonged starvation of brooding
Crepidula fornicata L. caused the irreversible shell loss of the offspring. This study …

Recruitment success of marine invertebrate populations not only depends on the number of
recruits but also on their quality which affects their survival. In species characterized by a …