Pharmacological dopamine (DA) replacement with Levodopa [L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-
DOPA)] is the gold standard treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, long-term L …

Abstract l-DOPA remains the primary treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD). Unfortunately,
its therapeutic benefits are compromised by the development of abnormal involuntary …

Parkinson's disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder caused by the degeneration
of midbrain substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons that project to the striatum. Despite …

Dyskinesia is a major side effect of an otherwise effective L-DOPA treatment in Parkinson's
patients. The prevailing view for the underlying presynaptic mechanism of L-DOPA-induced …

The dopamine (DA) precursor, 3, 4-dihydroxyphenyl-l-alanine (l-DOPA), is the most effective
treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD), but causes dyskinesias (abnormal involuntary …

The current standard treatment for Parkinson disease focuses on restoring striatal dopamine
levels using l-3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA). However, disease progression and …

Background: L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID), occurring with aberrant processing of
exogenous L-DOPA in the dopamine-denervated striatum, is a main complication of …

The dopamine transporter (DAT) regulates synaptic dopamine (DA) in striatum and
modulation of DAT can affect locomotor activity. Thus, in Parkinson's disease (PD), DAT loss …

Background L-3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA)–induced dyskinesia is an
incapacitating complication of L-DOPA therapy that affects most patients with Parkinson's …

The crucial role of dopamine (DA) in movement control is illustrated by the spectrum of motor
disorders caused by either a deficiency or a hyperactivity of dopaminergic transmission in …