Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is typically accompanied by acute and chronic
alterations in the stress response. These alterations have mostly been described in …

Neuroendocrine studies examining the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis under
baseline conditions and in response to neuroendocrine challenges have supported the …

Background: Cortisol secretions serve as the barometer of the hypothalamic–pituitary–
adrenal (HPA) axis, which regulates and controls responses to stress. Studies of cortisol …

Despite a number of overlapping symptoms, individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder
(PTSD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) often display hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal …

Studies examining the biopsychology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have
suggested that PTSD is characterized by alterations of the primary stress pathways: the …

The majority of studies of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) demonstrate alterations
consistent with an enhanced negative feedback inhibition of cortisol on the pituitary and an …

BACKGROUND: Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA)-axis dysregulation has
inconsistently been associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Yet, trauma …

Preclinical studies show that animals with a history of chronic stress exposure have
increased hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis reactivity following reexposure to …

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been associated with dysregulation of the
hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis as well as of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid …

This chapter discussed how neuroendocrine findings in posttraumatic stress disorder
(PTSD) potentially inform hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) alterations in PTSD and …