The consequences of early developmental conditions for performance in later life are now
subjected to convergent interest from many different biological sub-disciplines. However …

Early experience has a particularly great effect on most organisms. Normal development
may be disrupted by early environmental influences; individuals that survive have to cope …

For most organisms, early life‐history stages are the most sensitive to environmental stress
and so transgenerational phenotypic plasticity, whereby the parental environment and …

Phenotypic differences among individuals can arise during any stage of life. Although
several distinct processes underlying individual differences have been defined and studied …

Phenotypic development is the result of a complex interplay involving the organism's own
genetic make-up and the environment it experiences during development. The latter …

Human biology includes multiple adaptive mechanisms that allow adjustment to varying
timescales of environmental change. Sensitive or critical periods in early development allow …

In recent decades, the phenotype of an organism (ie its traits and behaviour) has been
studied as the outcome of a developmental 'programme'coded in its genotype. This …

There is enduring debate over the question of which early-life effects are adaptive and which
ones are not. Mathematical modelling shows that early-life effects can be adaptive in …

The environment can have a long‐lasting influence on an individual's physiology and
behavior. While some environmental conditions can be beneficial and result in adaptive …

The comprehensive understanding of individual variation in behavioural profiles is a current
and timely topic not only in behavioural ecology, but also in biopsychological and …