Abstract Purpose of the Review Proinflammatory cytokines are consistently elevated in
congestive heart failure. In the current review, we provide an overview on the current …

Increased circulating and intracardiac levels of proinflammatory cytokines have been
associated with chronic heart failure. Following an initial insult, the increased production of …

■ Abstract Immune activation plays a significant role in the development and progression of
chronic heart failure (CHF). Indeed, pro-inflammatory cytokines, especially tumour necrosis …

Recent studies have identified the importance of proinflammatory mediators in regulating
cardiac structure in health and disease. Recent studies suggest that cytokines that are …

Recent studies have identified the importance of proinflammatory mediators in the
development and progression of heart failure. The growing appreciation of the …

Our understanding of the multiple in vivo functions of the proinflammatory cytokine, tumor
necrosis factor (TNFα), is advancing at a rapid pace. In addition to its antitumor effects …

Multiple lines of evidence support the “cytokine hypothesis,” which suggests that
inflammation plays an important role in the development and progression of heart failure …

Recent studies have shown that patients with heart failure overexpress a class of
biologically active molecules, generically referred to as pro‐inflammatory cytokines. This …

The increasing prevalence of heart failure poses enormous challenges for health care
systems worldwide. Despite effective medical interventions that target neurohumoral …

Recent studies have determined that expression of inflammatory mediators, such as
cytokines and chemokines, is an important factor in the development and progression of …