Background: Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) encompasses a heterogeneous group of
malignant tumors with dismal prognosis and increasing incidence worldwide. Both late …

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a hepatobiliary malignancy associated with steadily
increasing incidence and poor prognosis. Ongoing clinical trials are assessing the …

Cholangiocarcinoma is a general term for intrahepatic and extrahepatic malignant tumors
deriving in the biliary system. According to the location, it is divided into intrahepatic …

Biliary tract cancer (BTC) is a rare malignancy with overall poor prognosis. There are limited
options regarding systemic therapy for this disease and historically only multi-agent …

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is one of the malignant tumors that has shown rapid
development in incidence and mortality in recent years. Like other types of cancer, patients …

Cholangiocarcinoma consists of a heterogeneous group of malignancies with generally
poor prognoses. Immunotherapy has emerged in the treatment landscape of many tumors …

Simple Summary Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is the second most common primary liver
malignancy after hepatocellular carcinoma and accounts for 20% of biliary tract cancers. The …

Immune checkpoints include stimulatory and inhibitory checkpoint molecules. In recent
years, inhibitory checkpoints, including cytotoxic T lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 (CTLA …

Abstract Background Program death 1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1) have been identified as
potential therapeutic targets for solid and hematologic malignancies. The current study …

Introduction: Biliary tract cancer (BTC) is a heterogeneous group of aggressive malignancies
comprising intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, gallbladder …