Observational studies have consistently shown a markedly decreased risk of cardiovascular
disease in postmenopausal women when treated with oestrogens. This review discusses …

Although pre-menopausal women enjoy relative cardiovascular protection, hormone
(oestrogen±progestin)-replacement therapy has not shown cardiovascular benefits in post …

Extensive epidemiological observations, clinical mechanistic studies, and basic laboratory
research have suggested that the incidence of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) increases …

Gender specific differences in cardiovascular disease are largely mediated by sex
hormones. The use of estrogens significantly reduces the overall incidence of heart disease …

The incidence of cardiovascular disease is lower in women before the menopause
compared with men, while menopausal women have an incidence of coronary disease …

The cardiovascular effects of estrogen have recently become a focus of basic and clinical
cardiovascular medicine because of the multiplicity of its beneficial effects. Various basic …

Estrogen is a potent steroid with pleiotropic effects, which have yet to be fully elucidated.
Estrogen has both nuclear and non-nuclear effects. The rapid response to estrogen, which …

Estrogens, like other steroid hormones, are potent actors in the cardiovascular system. Since
half the population have high levels of estrogen most of their lives it is plain that estrogen …

Sex differences in the onset and manifestation of cardiovascular diseases are well known,
yet the mechanism behind this discrepancy remains obscure. Estrogen and its …

Estrogen has direct and indirect effects on the cardiovascular system that are mediated by
the estrogen receptors ER-α and ER-β. The direct effects of estrogen occur through rapid …