Present fresh water ammonia standards have been established using data collected from
toxicity tests on unfed fish. Ammonia, however, is an unusual toxicant as it is produced as a …

Using a continuous-flow method a total of 14 acute toxicity bioassays were conducted using
seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax), seabream (Spams aurata) and turbot (Scophthalmus …

Juvenile lake trout were exposed to ambient free (un-ionized) ammonia concentrations of 0,
99, 198 and 297 μg NH 3 N 1− 1 for 60 days and fed one of two diets which were similar in …

A 90-d ammonia toxicity test for early life stage rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss was
conducted using newly fertilized eggs from a wild strain of fish. The toxicity test was …

This study tested the hypothesis that swimming exacerbates ammonia toxicity in fish. Both
sub-lethal and acute toxicity testing was conducted in a swim tunnel on swimming and …

Piaractus mesopotamicus juveniles (total length 12±0.5 mm) were exposed to different
concentrations of ammonia‐N (un‐ionized plus ionized ammonia as nitrogen), using the …

Bioassays in static water (mean±SD; temperature, 20–22 C; pH, 8.2–8.4; alkalinity, 205±10
mg/L CaCO3; total hardness, 220±10 mg/L CaCO3) were used to determine median lethal …

Ammonia is an unusual toxicant in that it is produced by, as well as being poisonous to,
animals. In aqueous solution ammonia has two species, NH 3 and NH 4+, total ammonia is …

Guidelines for ammonia toxicity in fish are often determined using static exposure tests with
immature fish over a 96-h period. These results may not be relevant to aquaculture, hauling …

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) smolts were exposed to ammonia at 4° C in an open flow
system. The concentrations of un-ionized ammonia nitrogen (NH 3-N) and total ammonia …