Responses of elk herd size to fine-scale spatial and temporal variation in the risk of predation by wolves

S Creel, JA Winnie Jr - Animal Behaviour, 2005 - Elsevier
Many studies have examined grouping as a form of antipredator behaviour, but relatively
few studies have examined how group size responds to natural variation in predation risk …

Effects of elk group size on predation by wolves

M Hebblewhite, DH Pletscher - Canadian Journal of Zoology, 2002 - cdnsciencepub.com
Wolf-prey research has focused on single-prey systems in North America dominated by
moose (Alces alces) or white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Elk (Cervus elaphus) are …

Sex-specific behavioural responses of elk to spatial and temporal variation in the threat of wolf predation

J Winnie Jr, S Creel - Animal behaviour, 2007 - Elsevier
We studied individual and herd level behavioural responses of elk to spatial and temporal
variation in the risk of predation by wolves over three winters in the Upper Gallatin drainage …

The scale-dependent impact of wolf predation risk on resource selection by three sympatric ungulates

AM Kittle, JM Fryxell, GE Desy, J Hamr - Oecologia, 2008 - Springer
Resource selection is a fundamental ecological process impacting population dynamics and
ecosystem structure. Understanding which factors drive selection is vital for effective species …

Predation risk, gender and the group size effect: does elk vigilance depend upon the behaviour of conspecifics?

MJ Childress, MA Lung - Animal behaviour, 2003 - Elsevier
Many animals benefit from the presence of conspecifics by reducing their rate of scanning
for predators while increasing their time spent foraging. This group size effect could arise …

Wolves adapt territory size, not pack size to local habitat quality

AM Kittle, M Anderson, T Avgar, JA Baker… - Journal of Animal …, 2015 - Wiley Online Library
Although local variation in territorial predator density is often correlated with habitat quality,
the causal mechanism underlying this frequently observed association is poorly understood …

Time and space in general models of antipredator response: tests with wolves and elk

S Creel, JA Winnie Jr, D Christianson, S Liley - Animal Behaviour, 2008 - Elsevier
Considerable research has tested two axioms about antipredator behaviour: prey may
respond to temporal variation in risk (the risky times hypothesis) or to spatial variation in risk …

Assessment of prey vulnerability through analysis of wolf movements and kill sites

EJ Bergman, RA Garrott, S Creel… - Ecological …, 2006 - Wiley Online Library
Within predator–prey systems behavior can heavily influence spatial dynamics, and
accordingly, the theoretical study of how spatial dynamics relate to stability within these …

Linking anti‐predator behaviour to prey demography reveals limited risk effects of an actively hunting large carnivore

AD Middleton, MJ Kauffman, DE McWhirter… - Ecology …, 2013 - Wiley Online Library
Ecological theory predicts that the diffuse risk cues generated by wide‐ranging, active
predators should induce prey behavioural responses but not major, population‐or …

Prey risk allocation in a grazing ecosystem

JA Gude, RA Garrott, JJ Borkowski… - Ecological …, 2006 - Wiley Online Library
Understanding the behaviorally mediated indirect effects of predators in ecosystems
requires knowledge of predator–prey behavioral interactions. In predator–ungulate–plant …