The dopaminergic system plays important roles in neuromodulation, including prominent
roles in complex neurological functions such as cognition, reward, motivation, and memory …

Carbon Monoxide (CO), long thought to be a simple environmental pollutant is now known
to have a critical role in cellular functions ranging from vasodilation to circadian rhythms. In …

The biochemical paradigm for carbon monoxide (CO) is driven by the century-old Warburg
hypothesis: CO alters O2-dependent functions by binding heme proteins in competitive …

Haem oxygenase (HO) and its product carbon monoxide (CO) are associated with
cytoprotection and maintenance of homeostasis in several different organs and tissues. This …

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is emerging as a ubiquitous small-molecule messenger in
biology, particularly in the brain, but underlying mechanisms of peroxide signaling remain …

Every cell has a highly sophisticated system for regulating heme levels, which is particularly
important with regard to turnover. Heme degradation generates CO and while CO has long …

Rising atmospheric oxygen (O2) levels provided a selective pressure for the evolution of O2‐
dependent micro‐organisms that began with the autotrophic eukaryotes. Since these …

Carbon monoxide (CO), a byproduct of heme catalyzed by heme oxygenase (HO), has been
reported to exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions, and to produce significant …

Photosynthesising cyanobacteria breathed life into what was, until 1500 million years ago
(Mya), a planet virtually devoid of oxygen (O2), splitting water to obtain the hydrogen …

Heme oxygenase (HO) catabolizes heme to produce HO metabolites, such as carbon
monoxide (CO) and bilirubin (BR), which have gained recognition as biological signal …