T cells responding to persistent tumor or viral antigens progressively lose their functional
properties, a feature known as exhaustion. This state is also characterized by cell-surface …

Highlights•Expression patterns of ICRs on immune cells are different.•Different ICRs utilize
different signaling pathways to escape immune attack.•Different ICRs functions in different …

Immune checkpoint blockade therapy has become a major weapon in fighting cancer.
Antibody drugs, such as anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1, demonstrate obvious advantages such …

Finding effective treatments for cancer remains a challenge. Recent studies have found that
the mechanisms of tumor evasion are becoming increasingly diverse, including abnormal …

Immune checkpoint molecules, including inhibitory and stimulatory immune checkpoint
molecules, are defined as ligand–receptor pairs that exert inhibitory or stimulatory effects on …

Immune checkpoint proteins (ICP) are currently one of the most novel and promising areas
of immune-oncology research. This novel way of targeting tumor cells has shown favorable …

The so-called immune checkpoints are pathways that regulate the timing and intensity of the
immune response to avoid an excessive reaction and to protect the host from autoimmunity …

Simple Summary The emergence of immunotherapy for cancer treatment bears
considerable clinical promise. The role of NK cells in tumor immunosurveillance and their …

The expression of immune checkpoint molecules on T cells represents an important
mechanism that the immune system uses to regulate responses to self-proteins. Checkpoint …

Immune checkpoints or coinhibitory receptors, such as cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen
(CTLA)-4 and programmed death (PD)-1, play important roles in regulating T cell responses …