In the 21st century, the emergence of H7N9 and H1N1/2009 influenza viruses, originating
from animals and causing severe human infections, has prompted investigations into the …

PA-X, a fusion protein belonging to influenza A viruses (IAVs), integrating the N-terminal 191
amino acids of PA gene and the ribosomal frame-shifting product that lengthens out to 41 or …

The PA-X protein, arising from ribosomal frameshift during PA translation, was recently
discovered in influenza A virus (IAV). The C-terminal domain 'X'of PA-X proteins in IAVs can …

PA-X is a fusion protein encoded by a+ 1 frameshifted open reading frame (X-ORF) in PA
gene. The X-ORF can be translated in full-length (61 amino acids, aa) or truncated (41 aa) …

Adaptation of the viral polymerase complex comprising PB1, PB2, and PA is necessary for
efficient influenza A virus replication in new host species. We found that PA mutation K356R …

Highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza A viruses continue to circulate among avian species and
cause sporadic cases of human infection. Therefore, the threat of a pandemic persists …

The PA-X protein of influenza A virus has roles in host cell shutoff and viral pathogenesis.
While most strains are predicted to encode PA-X, strain-dependent variations in activity have …

ABSTRACT PA-X is a newly discovered protein that decreases the virulence of the 1918
H1N1 virus in a mouse model. However, the role of PA-X in the pathogenesis of highly …

Influenza A viruses are human and animal pathogens that cause morbidity and mortality,
which range from mild to severe. The 2009 H1N1 pandemic was caused by the emergence …

The mouse is the most widely used animal model for influenza virus research. However, the
susceptibility of mice to seasonal influenza virus depends on the strain of mouse and on the …