We examined the molecular basis of virulence of pandemic H1N1/09 influenza viruses by
reverse genetics based on two H1N1/09 virus isolates (A/California/04/2009 [CA04] and …

Swine influenza viruses have been circulating in pigs throughout world and might be
potential threats to human health. PA-X protein is a newly discovered protein produced from …

H9N2 influenza viruses have been circulating worldwide in multiple avian species, and
regularly infect pigs and humans. Recently, a novel protein, PA-X, produced from the PA …

PA-X is a novel protein encoded by PA mRNA and is found to decrease the pathogenicity of
pandemic 1918 H1N1 virus in mice. However, the importance of PA-X proteins in current …

Although several studies have investigated the functions of influenza PA-X, the impact of
different expressions of PA-X protein including full-length, truncated or PA-X deficient forms …

Since 2003, more than 380 cases of H5N1 influenza virus infection of humans have been
reported. Although the resultant disease in these cases was often severe or fatal …

The PA N-terminal domain (PA-Nter) is essential for viral transcription and replication. Here
we identified PA-Nter substitutions A37S, I61T, V63I and V100A in recently emerged avian …

Adaptation of influenza A viruses to a new host species usually involves the mutation of one
or more of the eight viral gene segments, and the molecular basis for host range restriction is …

Influenza virus infection causes global inhibition of host protein synthesis in infected cells.
This host shutoff is thought to allow viruses to escape from the host antiviral response, which …

The influenza viral polymerase complex affects host tropism and pathogenicity. In particular,
several amino acids in the PB2 polymerase subunit are essential for the efficient replication …