Highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza A virus remains a substantial threat to public health. To
understand the molecular basis and host mechanism for the high virulence of H5N1 viruses …

H6N1 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) may pose a potential human risk as suggested by the
first documented naturally-acquired human H6N1 virus infection in 2013. Here, we set out to …

The 2009 pandemic influenza virus (pH1N1) is a swine-origin reassortant containing
human, avian, and swine influenza genes. We have previously shown that the polymerase …

Highly pathogenic avian influenza A viruses (HPAIV) of the H5N1 subtype occasionally
transmit from birds to humans and can cause severe systemic infections in both hosts. PB1 …

The influenza PA-X protein is translated from the PA open reading frame from frameshifting
and suppresses cellular gene expression due to its ribonuclease activity. We further defined …

Egypt is a hotspot for H5-and H9-subtype avian influenza A virus (AIV) infections and co-
infections in poultry by both subtypes have been frequently reported. However, natural …

ABSTRACT H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) circulate in poultry throughout much of
Asia, the Middle East, and Africa. These viruses cause huge economic damage to poultry …

ABSTRACT PA-X is a recently identified influenza virus protein that is composed of the PA N-
terminal 191 amino acids and unique C-terminal 41 or 61 residues. We and others showed …

ABSTRACT The H2N2/1957 and H3N2/1968 pandemic influenza viruses emerged via the
exchange of genomic RNA segments between human and avian viruses. The avian …

In 2009, a pandemic H1N1 influenza A virus (IAV)(pH1N1) emerged in the human
population from swine causing a pandemic. Importantly, this virus is still circulating in …