The worldwide circulation of H9N2 avian influenza virus in poultry, the greater than 2.3%
positive rate for anti-H9 antibodies in poultry-exposed workers, and several reports of …

Reassortment of their segmented genomes allows influenza A viruses (IAV) to gain new
characteristics, which potentially enable them to cross the species barrier and infect new …

Host-adaptive strategies, such as the E627K substitution in the PB2 protein, are critical for
replication of avian influenza A viruses in mammalian hosts. Here we show that mutation …

H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) circulate globally in poultry and have become the
dominant AIV subtype in China in recent years. Previously, we demonstrated that the H9N2 …

Highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza viruses have sporadically transmitted to humans
causing high mortality. The mechanistic basis for adaptation is still poorly understood …

It has been shown that not all but most of the avian influenza viruses replicate in the upper
respiratory tract of pigs (H. Kida et al., J. Gen. Virol. 75: 2183-2188, 1994). It was shown that …

The single gene reassortant virus that derives its PB2 gene from the avian influenza
A/Mallard/NY/78 virus and remaining genes from the human influenza A/Los Angeles/2/87 …

Gene mutations and reassortment are key mechanisms by which influenza A virus acquires
virulence factors. To evaluate the role of the viral polymerase replication machinery in …

Amino acids at positions 627 and 701 in the PB2 protein (PB2-627 and PB2-701,
respectively) of avian influenza A viruses affect virus replication in some mammalian cells …

Influenza H3N8 viruses have been recovered frequently from wild bird species, including
Anseriformes (primarily from migratory ducks) and Charadriiformes (primarily from …