Temporal variation in predation risk may be an important determinant of prey antipredator
behaviours. According to the risk allocation hypothesis, the strongest antipredator …

Models of behavior and life history evolution under predation risk often assume that animals
can detect and respond to subtle temporal and spatial variation in mortality risk, but there is …

Finely tuned adjustment of an individual's phenotype can offer substantial fitness benefits
when it is closely matched with environmental change. For instance, prey may be …

Many prey organisms reduce their activity to reduce predation risk. A common argument is
that a reduction in activity is one of the highest costs of defence. I exposed predator-induced …

Through time, the activity patterns, morphology, and development of both predators and prey
change, which in turn alter the relative vulnerability of prey to their coexisting predators …

The importance of temporal variability in predation risk has recently come to the forefront of
research examining the behavioural ecology of predator–prey relationships. Temporal …

Many organisms show predator-induced behavioural and morphological phenotypic
plasticity. These defence mechanisms are often expressed simultaneously. To estimate the …

Antipredator behaviour is an important factor influencing survival probability of prey animals,
and it may evolve rapidly as a response to changes in predator regime. I studied …

Inducible defences have long been considered as a polyphenism opposing defended and
undefended morphs. However, in nature, preys are exposed to various levels of predation …

In natural systems, organisms are frequently exposed to spatial and temporal variation in
predation risk. Prey organisms are known to develop a wide array of plastic defences to …