Highlights•Iron and manganese are withheld from the phagosome to inhibit bacterial
growth.•Excess copper and zinc are used to directly intoxicate intracellular …

Transition metal ions are essential micronutrients for all living organisms. In mammals, these
ions are often protein-bound and sequestered within cells, limiting their availability to …

Sufficient mineral supply is vital not only for the innate immune system but also for the
components of the adaptive immune defense, which encompass defense mechanisms …

Background Divalent metals play important roles in maintaining metabolism and cellular
growth of both eukaryotic hosts and invading microbes. Both metal deficiency and overload …

Minerals fulfil a wide variety of functions in the optimal functioning of the immune system.
This review reports on the minerals that are essential for the immune system's function and …

Although it is widely recognized that essential trace elements are required for the
differentiation, activation and performance of numerous functions of immune cells, the …

Host-associated microbial communities provide critical functions for their hosts. Transition
metals are essential for both the mammalian host and the majority of commensal bacteria …

Lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease have shared etiology, including key
etiological changes (eg, DNA damage and epigenetics change) and lung function …

Transition metals occupy an essential niche in biological systems. Their electrostatic
properties stabilize substrates or reaction intermediates in the active sites of enzymes, and …

Nutritional immunity is a process by which a host organism sequesters trace minerals in an
effort to limit pathogenicity during infection. Circulating concentrations of minerals, such as …