The fetus is exposed to many xenobiotic agents during pregnancy through placental drug
transfer; the infant is exposed through breastfeeding. The effects of the drugs on the fetus or …

The number of newborns exposed to therapeutic drugs during pregnancy is growing
because of the increased use of drugs during pregnancy. In recent years, advances in our …

The available evidence suggests that for most drugs, adverse effects in the fetus may vary
with gestational state and among species due to: 1.(i) changes in the fetal exposure to the …

Knowledge of pharmacokinetics and the use of a mechanistic-based approach can improve
our ability to predict the effects of pregnancy for medications when data are limited. Despite …

The fetus is exposed to the environment through interactions with the mother. The unique
nature of the fetal habitat and the adaptations of the fetus to the intrauterine environment …

The placenta is a unique organ that is essential to a healthy and normal pregnancy. A
number of phase I and II metabolizing enzymes are expressed at moderate levels in the …

Over the recent years there has been a gradual rise in the use of pharmaceuticals during
pregnancy. Knowledge on placental drug transfer and metabolism has increased during the …

Essentially all drugs taken by a pregnant woman are transferred across the placenta to the
fetus. Fetal drug exposure, as reflected by the unbound (free) drug concentration versus time …

Drugs administered to mothers have the potential to cross the placenta and reach the fetus.
Under particular circumstances, the comparison of the drug concentration in the maternal …

Any treatment of a pregnant woman with medication (drugs) de facto results in the treatment
of her unborn child, even when her unborn child is not the target of drug therapy. This is …