Immune checkpoint inhibitors are increasingly drawing much attention in the therapeutic
development for cancer treatment. However, many cancer patients do not respond to …

Cancer vaccines and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) function at different stages of the
cancer immune cycle due to their distinct mechanisms of action. Therapeutic cancer …

Introduction: The approval of multiple checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) for the treatment of
advanced malignancies has sparked an explosion of research in the field of cancer …

Checkpoint inhibitor (CPI) blockade is considered to be a revolution in cancer therapy,
although most patients (70%–80%) remain resistant to this therapy. It has been …

Highlights•Cancer vaccines can synergize with anti-CTLA-4/PD-1 checkpoint blockade
therapy.•Effective vaccine adjuvants deliver multiple synergistic signals to the immune …

Activation of immune checkpoint pathways and limited T-cell infiltration result in
immunological escape of tumors. Although immune checkpoint inhibitors are currently …

Introduction: Multiple immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) that modulate immune cells in the
periphery and the tumor microenvironment (TME) have been approved, as have the …

Therapeutic cancer vaccines have proven to seldom induce dramatic clinical response
when used alone, and therefore, they are being studied in combination with additional …

Effective treatment of established tumors requires rational multicombination immunotherapy
strategies designed to target all functions of the patient immune system and tumor immune …

Because of the recent success of monoclonal antibody checkpoint inhibitors, and the
disappointing results of most therapeutic cancer vaccine trials, it has been questioned …