The application of distraction osteogenesis to the membranous bones of the craniofacial
skeleton and its effects on cranial volume and overall skull shape have not been fully …

Distraction osteogenesis is the regeneration of bone between vascularized bone surfaces
that are separated by gradual distraction." The bone is most commonly separated by an …

Malformations of the craniofacial skeleton are common. Restoration of anatomic shape, size,
and position has been traditionally accomplished using autologous bone grafting to fill gaps …

Application of gradual external forces to correct craniofacial deformities challenges many
procedures in conventional craniomaxillofacial surgery. Distraction osteogenesis is …

The nascent field of craniofacial distraction osteogenesis has not yet been subjected to a
rigorous evaluation of techniques and outcomes. Consequently, many of the standard …

The principle of distraction osteogenesis, well-established in the enchondral bones of the
axial skeleton, has recently been applied to the membranous bones (mandible, cranium) of …

Learning Objectives: After studying this article, the participant should be able to: 1. Review
the biomechanical principles and pertinent cellular and molecular biology of distraction …

Application of distraction osteogenesis to the human craniofacial skeleton in properly
selected cases represents a major advance in the treatment of craniofacial deformities. We …

Introduction Distraction osteogenesis (DO) has been applied to the field of
craniomaxillofacial surgery for more than two decades. Although relevant factors for …

Over the past 30 years, distraction forces have been applied to the spectrum of craniofacial
osteotomies. It is now time to assess critically the current understanding of distraction in …