Approach–avoidance generally describes appetitive motivation and fear of punishment. In a
social context approach motivation is, however, also expressed as social aggression and …

Testosterone enhances amygdala reactions to social threat, but it remains unclear whether
this neuroendocrine mechanism is relevant for understanding its dominance-enhancing …

Testosterone plays a role in aggressive behavior, but the mechanisms remain unclear. The
present study tested the hypothesis that testosterone influences aggression through the …

Testosterone and cortisol have been proposed to influence aggressive behavior by altering
the neural processing of facial threat signals. However, this has not been investigated in …

Testosterone affects human social behavior in various ways. While testosterone effects are
generally associated with muscular strength and aggressiveness, human studies also point …

Background Although traditional wisdom suggests that baseline levels of testosterone (T)
promote aggressive behavior, decades of research have produced findings that have been …

Emerging lines of research suggest that both testosterone and maladaptive reward
processing can modulate behavioral dysregulation. Yet, to date, no integrative account has …

Neuro-evolutionary theories describe social anxiety as habitual subordinate tendencies
acquired through a recursive cycle of social defeat and submissive reactions. If so, the …

Animal studies suggest a causal link between testosterone and aggression. However, in
human research the exact role of this hormone is still unclear, having been linked to …

Testosterone concentrations fluctuate rapidly in response to competitive and aggressive
interactions, suggesting that changes in testosterone rather than baseline differences shape …