Background and hypothesis Based on neurochemical and genetic evidence, we suggest
that both prevention and treatment of multiple addictions, such as dependence to alcohol …

Background: In 1990, Blum and associates provided the first confirmed genetic link between
the DRD2 polymorphisms and alcoholism. This finding was based on an earlier conceptual …

The dopaminergic system, and in particular the dopamine D2 receptor, has been implicated
in reward mechanisms. The net effect of neurotransmitter interaction at the mesolimbic brain …

Neural circuits implicated in drug conditioning, craving and relapse overlap extensively with
those involved in natural reward and reinforcement like food. Exposure to drug-related cues …

Everyday, there are several millions of people that are increasingly unable to combat their
frustrating and even fatal romance with getting high and/or experiencing “normal” feelings of …

There are common genetic mechanisms responsible for both drug effects and subsequent
seeking behavior. In 1996, we coined the term Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS). Past …

Background Following the first association between the dopamine D2 receptor gene
polymorphism and severe alcoholism, there has been an explosion of research reports in …

Alcohol and other substance use disorders share comorbidity with other RDS disorders, ie, a
reduction in dopamine signaling within the reward pathway. RDS is a term that connects …

Abstract Background and Hypothesis: It is well known that after prolonged abstinence,
individuals who use their drug of choice experience a powerful euphoria that often …

This commentary is to inform clinicians challenged with an increase in people seeking
treatment for Substance Use Disorder (SUD), that the ninety percent revolving door, is, in …