Botulinum neurotoxins produced by various Clostridium sp are the most potent acute lethal
toxins known, and yet they have found increasing use in the clinical treatment of diseases or …

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) have been used as therapeutic agents in the clinical
treatment of a wide array of neuromuscular and autonomic neuronal transmission disorders …

Botulinum toxin is a uniquely potent substance synthesized by the organisms Clostridium
botulinum, Clostridium baratii, and Clostridium butyricum. This toxin, which acts …

Botulinum neurotoxins are known to have seven serotypes (BoNT/A–G). Here we report a
new BoNT serotype, tentatively named BoNT/X, which has the lowest sequence identity with …

An overall picture of the botulinum toxins is provided, linking the recent developments in
their molecular and cellular aspects to the physiological actions. The pathophysiological …

Clostridium botulinum is a gram-positive anaerobic rod that forms endospores. This
bacterium produces large molecular toxin complexes, namely botulinum toxin complexes …

Ancient scientific manuscripts indicate that Dr. J. Kerner was the first, between 1817 and
1822, to suggest the possible therapeutic use of botulinum toxin, which he called “sausage …

Understanding the structure and molecular basis of neurotoxin function has opened up
opportunities to engineer novel therapeutic proteins that utilise the neurotoxins and …

Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is a major therapeutic agent licensed in neurological
indications such as dystonia and spasticity. In recent years, its use has steadily increased in …

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) cause flaccid paralysis by inhibiting neurotransmission at
cholinergic nerve terminals. Each BoNT consists of three domains that are essential for …