Carotid cavernous fistula (CCF) is an abnormal communication between the cavernous
sinus and the carotid arterial system. A CCF can be due to a direct connection between the …

Carotid-cavernous fistula (CCF) is an abnormal communication-vascular connection
between arteries and veins in the cavernous sinus. Classification according to etiology is …

A carotid-cavernous fistula (CCF) is an abnormal communication between the cavernous
sinus and the carotid arterial system. A CCF is divided into two categories, direct and …

Carotid-cavernous fistulae (CCFs) are the result of an anomalous connection between the
venous system of the cavernous sinus and either the internal carotid artery (ICA), meningeal …

Carotid cavernous fistulas (CCFs) can be classified as direct and indirect, depending on
their flow rates and their etiology. Both forms can cause the same characteristic …

Objective: To describe the ocular findings, endovascular treatment, and clinical outcome in
patients with dural carotid cavernous sinus fistula (CCF). Material and Method: A …

ABSTRACT A 21-year-old man presented with severe proptosis, chemosis, diplopia and an
orbital bruit three weeks after a motor vehicle accident. The intraocular pressure was …

Our aim is to study the varied posterior segment manifestations, level of visual impairment
(VI) and its causes in carotid cavernous fistula (CCF) patients. A retrospective study was …

Carotid cavernous sinus fistulas (CCSFs) are a rare entity occurring as a result of head
trauma and also spontaneously. The major threat from these fistulas is loss of vision. The …

PURPOSE: To describe the endovascular treatment and clinical outcome in patients with
indirect carotid cavernous fistulas (CCFs) over a 15-year period. To our knowledge, this is …