The teaching and learning of surgery is a time-honored tradition based upon the “see one,
do one, teach one” apprenticeship model. Recent improvement of this model has centered …

Although simulation is relatively new to surgical education, there is a long history in many
other disciplines, such as military, aviation, and nuclear power plant operations, among …

The pedagogical approach to surgical training has changed significantly over the past few
decades. No longer are surgical skills solely acquired through a traditional apprenticeship …

The old paradigm of “see one, do one, teach one” has now changed to “see several, learn
the skills and simulation, do one, teach one.” Modern medicine over the past 30 years has …

Computer-assisted learning is a hot topic and is evolving parallel with the rapidly growing
computer technology. Today, modern computers with sophisticated software are able to …

This approach, based in part on an apprenticeship model, relies on reallife patient
encounters as the substrate for learning. There is an inherent assumption that enough of …

Meaningful discussion of computerized simulation technology for the training of surgical
skills began almost 20 years ago. The field of medical simulation, at one time seemingly …

It has now been over 25 years ago since, as a young program director, I was approached by
the Chief of Urology who complained that his residents were receiving poor basic surgical …

The time-honored training methods of surgery are rapidly being replaced with new teaching
tools that are being integrated into residency and recredentialing standards. Numerous …

The reduction in time for training at the workplace has created a challenge for the traditional
apprenticeship model of training. Simulation offers the opportunity for repeated practice in a …