Stephen C. Steams ariation, the fuel that feeds evolutionary change, origi-nates at the levels
of both the genotype and the phenotype. Geneti-cally identical organisms reared under …

The plastic response of phenotypic traits to environmental change is a common research
focus in several disciplines‐from ecology and evolutionary biology to physiology and …

Phenotypic plasticity—the ability of an individual organism to change its phenotype in direct
response to variation in its environment—has long fascinated and perplexed biologists …

To understand empirical patterns of phenotypic plasticity, we need to explore the
complexities of environmental heterogeneity and how it interacts with cue reliability. I …

Phenotypic plasticity is defined as the property of organisms to produce distinct phenotypes
in response to environmental variation. While for more than a century, biologists have …

Phenotypic plasticity has often been assumed to buffer the effects of natural selection and
thus act as a constraint on evolutionary change. It has become increasingly clear, however …

Methods for estimating the genetic component of phenotypic plasticity are presented. In the
general case of clonal replicates or full-sibs raised in several environments, the heritability of …

Phenotypic plasticity is the ability of a single genotype to produce more than one alternative
form of morphology, physiological state, and/or behavior in response to environmental …

For more than two decades the concept of phenotypic plasticity has allowed researchers to
go beyond the nature-nurture dichotomy to gain deeper insights into how organisms are …

To achieve a coherent evolutionary theory, it is necessary to account for the effects of the
environment on the process of development. Phenotypic plasticity is the change in the …