It is increasingly recognized that evolution may occur in ecological time. It is not clear,
however, how fast evolution–or phenotypic change more generally–may be in comparison …

Background Physiological costs of rapid growth may contribute to the observation that
organisms typically grow at submaximal rates. Although, it has been hypothesized that faster …

Ecologists and physiologists have long been interested in the way organisms react to the
changing of the seasons and to the varying ecological conditions at different latitudes …

When populations experience substantial variation in environmental conditions, they may
evolve phenotypic plasticity in response to these varying selection pressures. Evolutionary …

Species may respond to climate change by shifting in abundance and distribution, by going
extinct, or by evolving. Predicting which will occur is difficult. Climate change may lead to …

Global warming impacts virtually all biota and ecosystems. Many of these impacts are
mediated through direct effects of temperature on individual vital rates. Yet how this …

Local adaptation and species interactions have been shown to affect geographic ranges;
therefore, we need models of climate impact that include both factors. To identify possible …

Thermal performance curves (TPC s), which quantify how an ectotherm's body temperature
(Tb) affects its performance or fitness, are often used in an attempt to predict organismal …

(1) This paper is concerned with general adaptation, which is the kind of evolution that
produces dominant animals (p. 488).(2) Area is one important factor in evolution of …

Historical data show that recent climate change has caused advances in seasonal timing
(phenology) in many animals and plants, particularly in temperate and higher latitude …