Background Evidence suggests that the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) is
initiated in the gut rather than in the brain. Thus, targeting the gut in early stages may have …

Gastrointestinal dysfunction is the main nonmotor characteristic of Parkinson disease (PD),
manipulation of gastrointestinal function by altering gut-brain axis is a potentially novel entry …

Objective: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease involving non-
motor symptoms, of which gastrointestinal disorders are the most common. In light of recent …

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of acupuncture in treating Parkinson's disease-related
constipation (PDC). Materials and methods This was a randomized, controlled trial in which …

Background Motor disturbances and non-motor disturbances such as constipation are the
main factors affecting the quality of life in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). We …

Introduction Parkinson's disease (PD) remains one kind of a complex, progressive
neurodegenerative disease. Levodopa and dopamine agonists as widely utilized PD …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disease caused
by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Existing pharmaceutical …

Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a degenerative brain disorder, resulting in
decreased neural responses in the supplementary motor area, putamen, and thalamus …

Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder. Parkinson's clinical feature is
characterized by its motor manifestations, although its many nonmotor symptoms occur …

A 56-year-old man diagnosed in 2003 as having Hoehn & Yahr stage III Parkinson's disease
(PD) came to our clinic in 2012 with slurred speech, right-sided bradykinesia, erectile …