Simple Summary The Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK signaling pathway is responsible for regulating
cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Overexpression and overactivation of …

Abstract RAS mutations (HRAS, NRAS, and KRAS) are among the most common
oncogenes, and around 19% of patients with cancer harbor RAS mutations. Cells harboring …

Introduction: The MAPK pathway comprises several key signaling components and
phosphorylation events that play a role in tumorigenesis. These activated kinases transmit …

Raf are conserved, ubiquitous serine/protein kinases discovered as the cellular elements
hijacked by transforming retroviruses. The three mammalian RAF proteins (A, B and CRAF) …

With the identification of activating mutations in BRAF across a wide variety of malignancies,
substantial effort was placed in designing safe and effective therapeutic strategies to target …

Around 20% of all malignancies harbour activating mutations in RAS isoforms. Despite this,
there is a deficiency of RAS-targeting agents licensed for therapeutic use. The picomolar …

Cancer is characterized as a complex disease caused by coordinated alterations of multiple
signaling pathways. The Ras/RAF/MEK/ERK (MAPK) signaling is one of the best-defined …

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation is a common property of human cancers
and is often due to activating mutations in the BRAF and RAS genes. BRAF kinase domain …

RAS mutations are among the most common oncogenic drivers in human cancers, affecting
nearly a third of all solid tumors and around a fifth of common myeloid malignancies, but …

The RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK (MAPK) signaling cascade is essential for cell inter-and intra-
cellular communication, which regulates fundamental cell functions such as growth, survival …