Motivational salience regulates the strength of goal seeking, the amount of risk taken, and
the energy invested from mild to extreme. Highly motivational experiences promote highly …

Motivational salience regulates the strength of goal seeking, the amount of risk taken, and
the energy invested, from mild to extreme. Emotional experiences promote highly persistent …

Intense motivational salience attribution is considered to have a major role in the
development of different psychopathologies. Numerous brain areas are involved in “normal” …

Recent evidence suggests that rewarding and aversive stimuli affect the same brain areas,
including medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens. Although nucleus accumbens is …

Behavioral responses to environmental stimuli are dictated by the affective valence of the
stimulus, good (positive valence) or bad (negative valence). These stimuli can innately elicit …

Individuals typically want what they expect to like, often based on memories of previous
positive experiences. However, in some situations desire can decouple completely from …

Rewarding and aversive outcomes have opposing effects on behavior, facilitating approach
and avoidance, although we need to accurately anticipate each type of outcome to behave …

Reward contains separable psychological components of learning, incentive motivation and
pleasure. Most computational models have focused only on the learning component of …

The central nucleus of amygdala (CeA) mediates positively-valenced reward motivation as
well as negatively-valenced fear. Optogenetic or neurochemical stimulation of CeA circuitry …

Value and salience are key variables for associative learning, decision-making, and
attention. In this chapter we review definitions of value and salience, and describe human …