The object of this study was to clarify the effects of foot muscle relaxation on activity in the
primary motor cortex (M1) of the hand area. Subjects were asked to volitionally relax the …

In 1980, Merton and Morton first reported muscle responses in an unanesthetized human
following motor cortex stimulation with high-voltage electric shocks delivered through the …

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can be used to study excitability of corticospinal
neurons in human motor cortex. It is currently not fully elucidated if corticospinal neurons in …

Based on H-reflex data, spinal mechanisms are proposed to be responsible for the first 50–
80 ms of the transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)-induced silent period. As several …

The afferent volley generated during neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) can
increase the excitability of the human corticospinal (CS) pathway. This study was designed …

It is well known that contracting the upper limbs can affect spinal reflexes of the lower limb
muscle, via intraneuronal networks within the central nervous system. However, it remains …

Studies of activity-dependent stimulation in non-human primates suggest that pairing each
instance of volitional muscle activity with immediate intracortical stimulation causes long …

Epidural electrical stimulation (EES) applied over the human lumbosacral spinal cord
provides access to afferent fibers from virtually all lower-extremity nerves. These afferents …

As part of a project aimed to develop a novel, non-invasive techniques for comprehensive
assessment of supraspinal-spinal connectivity in humans, the present study sought to …

Electrical stimulation of the lumbosacral spinal cord in humans with complete spinal cord
injury (SCI) elicits muscle activities in the paralyzed lower limbs. Low stimulation frequencies …