Background Unfortunately, many COPD patients continue to exacerbate despite good
adherence to GOLD Class D recommended therapy. Acute exacerbations lead to an …

Exacerbations of COPD are thought to be caused by complex interactions between the host,
bacteria, viruses, and environmental pollution. These factors increase the inflammatory …

A large number of studies have implicated activation of innate immune mechanisms in the
pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Accumulation of …

No currently available treatments reduce the progression or suppress the inflammation of
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, with a better understanding of the …

Abstract Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a chronic respiratory disease
characterised by persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation. COPD has a major …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a heterogeneous disease. COPD
exacerbations have a major impact on morbidity and mortality. The etiology of COPD …

COPD is a leading cause of death worldwide, with acute exacerbations being a major
contributor to disease morbidity and mortality. Indeed, exacerbations are associated with …

Tobacco smoking is the dominant risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD), but viral and bacterial infections are the major causes of exacerbations in later …

The significance of acute exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(AECOPDs) is increasingly appreciated. AECOPDs result in significant morbidity and …

Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are associated with a
significant mortality, health and economic burden. Their diagnosis, assessment and …