The preclinical experimental models of vascularized composite allografts (VCAs) have been
rapidly developed for the assessment of immunomodulatory protocols for clinical …

Long-time ischemia worsening transplant outcomes in vascularized composite
allotransplantation (VCA) is often neglected. Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is an …

Background Cellular therapies for immunomodulation in vascularized composite
allotransplantation (VCA) have gained importance due to their potential for minimization of …

Antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) of solid organ transplants is characterized by the
activation and injury of the allograft endothelium. Histological and transcriptomic studies …

The emergence of skin-containing vascularized composite allografts (VCAs) has provided
impetus to understand factors affecting rejection and tolerance of skin. VCA tolerance can be …

Reconstructive transplantation represents a bona fide option for select patients with
devastating tissue loss, which could better restore the appearance, anatomy, and function …

Background: Transplantation of vascularized composite allografts is limited mainly by the
need for life-long immunosuppression. The consequent side effects and looming specter of …

Background Strategies aiming at minimization or elimination of systemic
immunosuppression are key immediate goals for clinical expansion of vascularized …

The state-of-the-art immunosuppression drugs do not ensure indefinite transplant survival,
and most transplants are continuously lost to chronic rejection even years …

Background In vascularized composite allotransplantation, multiple types of tissue are
transferred from donor to recipient as a single functional unit. This technique has been …