Background The emergence of complex HIV-1 drug resistance mutations has been linked to
the duration of time patients are on a failing antiretroviral drug regimen. This study reports on …

In settings of resource constraint, an understanding of HIV drug resistance can guide
antiretroviral therapy (ART) at switch to second‐line therapy. To determine the prevalence of …

Background Emergence of HIV-1 drug resistance is at times an inevitable and anticipated
consequence of antiretroviral therapy (ART) failure. We examined drug resistance patterns …

An estimated 1.5 million Kenyans are HIV-seropositive, with 1.1 million on antiretroviral
therapy (ART), with the majority of them unaware of their drug resistance status. In this study …

Background This study aimed to evaluate HIV type-1 (HIV-1) drug resistance pretreatment
and in those failing first-line non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-based …

Background The ever-expanding rollout of antiretroviral therapy in poor resource settings
without routine virological monitoring has been accompanied with development of drug …

Background: The South African national antiretroviral therapy roll-out program is entering its
sixth year, with over 570,000 adults accessing treatment. HIV-1 drug resistance is a potential …

Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor–drug resistance mutations (DRM) are
increasingly reported in Africans failing their first antiretroviral regimen. The Phidisa II trial …

Objective To determine the frequency and patterns of acquired antiretroviral drug resistance
in a rural primary health care programme in South Africa. Design Cross-sectional study …

Objectives The number of patients on second‐line antiretroviral therapy is growing, but data
on HIV drug resistance patterns at failure in resource‐constrained settings are scarce. We …